1. Kuyambira ndi kutanthauzira kwa pepala la Kraft
1.1. Mbiri Yakale
Mawu akuti 'amachokera ku liwu lachijeremani kuti ' Mphamvu, 'dzina loyenerera linapatsidwa chilengedwe cham'thupi. Ulendo wa matraft unayamba mu 1879 pomwe Carl Dahl, katswiri wa katswiri wa zama Germany, adapanga njira ya Kraft. Njirayi idasinthiratu makampani a pepalali popanga pepala lamphamvu, lokhazikika kudzera kubowolo mankhwala. Kupanga luntha kwa Dahl kunalandira mwachangu, chifukwa opanga adazindikira kuti mwayi wa Krafrage ndi mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale. Popita nthawi, idasanduka zinthu zotumphukira m'makampani osiyanasiyana, ofunika kuti apirire ndi a Eco-ochezeka.
1.2. Kodi pepala la Kraft ndi chiyani?
Pepala la Kraft ndi mtundu wa pepala wodziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi kulimba. Imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Kraft, yomwe imaphatikizapo kupindika kom mitengo kuti ichotse Lignin. Izi zimawonjezera mphamvu ya Pensile, kuti isagonjetsedwe ndi kung'amba. Pepala la Kraft nthawi zambiri limakhala lofiirira chifukwa cha zamkati zosavomerezeka, ngakhale zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe oyera. Zojambulajambula za pepala komanso kulimba kwambiri zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino pakupanga, kukulunga, ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zama matikiti. Kutenga kwake kwachilengedwe ndi mankhwala ochepa kumathandizanso kuti zikhale ndi mbiri yake yochezeka, chifukwa ndi biodadgrad ndikubwezeretsanso.
2. Mitundu ya pepala
2.1. Namwali Kraft
Mapepala a Bermera Kraft amapangidwa mwachindunji kukwapula nkhuni, ndikupangitsa kukhala mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri wa mapepala opezeka. Zimadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kulimba kwapadera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kuti zitheke. Mtundu wachilengedwe wachilengedwe wa pepala la namwali, kuphatikiza misozi yake yayitali, imapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chotchuka chotumizira, kukulunga kwa mafakitale, ndi zina zofunikira. Mphamvu yake imatanthawuzanso kuti itha kuthana ndi mayendedwe ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kutalikirana popanda kunyalanyaza zinthu zomwe zili ndi zinthu.
2.2. Kubwezeretsanso pepala
Kubwezeretsaninso pepala la Kraft kumapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zobwezerezedwanso monga manyuzipepala akale ndi makatoni. Mapepala amtunduwu amakhala osakhazikika kuposa mnzake wa namwali, popeza amachepetsa kutaya zinyalala komanso kufunikira kwa zinthu zopangira. Komabe, ndizochepa pang'ono, ndikupanga kukhala koyenera kuwunika zosowa, monga kukulunga, mzere, komanso wopanda kanthu. Ngakhale adatsitsidwa ndi mphamvu, pepala la Kraft ndi njira yocheza ndi eco, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi omwe akufuna kuchepetsa mawonekedwe awo.
2.3. Zosakaniza
Phatikizani pepala la Kraft ndi kuphatikiza kwa namwali ndikubwezeretsanso zamkati, kupereka yankho loyenera pakati pa mphamvu, kugwira ntchito modula, komanso zopindulitsa zachilengedwe. Imaphatikiza kukhazikika kwa namwali wokhala ndi kulimbikira kwa zinthu zobwezerezedwanso, ndikupangitsa kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri yosungira zosowa. Pepala la Kraft limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma envulopu a makatoni, mabokosi otumizira, ndi mayankho ena omwe amafunikira kusakanikirana kopanda mphamvu ndi ulemu.
2.4. Pepala lazithunzi
Zolemba za Kraft Craft zimapangidwa ndi kuwonjezera utoto ku kramphuka wachilengedwe panthawi yopanga. Pepala ili likupezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zoyera, zakuda, zofiira, komanso zamtambo, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, ndi chizindikiro. Ma Hibrarant wake ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu amapanga chisankho chokongoletsera mphatso, zinthu zokongoletsera, ndikupanga ma blaut oyimilira kuti azigwirizana ndi zotsutsana zina. Train Prace Plaft imasunganso mphamvu yachilengedwe popereka chidwi kwambiri.
2.5. Anathira mapepala
Zosakaniza maraft pepala limaphatikizapo mapepala okhala ngati phula komanso sera, yomwe imapereka chinyezi chowonjezereka, mafuta, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Izi zimapanga pepala la Krat makamaka loyenera kunyamula chakudya, kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, komanso momwe zimatetezera. Mafutawo amalimbikitsa kukhala ndi pepala la pepalali koma kumapangitsanso kuti chikhale chovuta kubwezeretsanso. Komabe, pepala lokutidwa la Kraft limakhalabe ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri kuti ikwaniritse mphamvu ndi kukana.
3. Kupanga mapepala a Kraft
3.1. Zochita
Njira ya Kraft ndi njira yopukusira mankhwala ndizofunikira pakupanga pepala lolimba komanso lolimba. Zimayamba ndi tchipisi cha matabwa, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku zofewa ngati pine, yomwe imaphika mu chosakanizidwa monga zakumwa zoyera. Chakumwa ichi chimakhala ndi sodium hydroxide ndi sodium sulfide, zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zithetse Lignin, katolayo chifukwa cha nkhuni limodzi. Kuchotsa Ligin ndikofunikira chifukwa imafooketsa pepala; Mwa kuthetsa, makinawo amatulutsa zinthu zambiri zolimba.
Pakuphika, tchipisi tchipisi limasungunuka, ndikusiya ma cellulose. Mafashoni awa amatsukidwa, wopakidwa, ndipo nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa, kutengera chifukwa chofunafuna. Zotsatira zake ndi pepala lolimba, lolimba lomwe limadziwika ndi mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana kung'amba.
Njira zazikuluzikulu pamtundu wa Kraft :
Kuphika : tchipisi nkhuni chimaphikidwa mu zakumwa zoyera kuti zithetse Lignin.
Kusambitsa ndi kuwunika : ulusi wosewerera umayeretsedwa, kuchotsa zosayera.
Kuyaka (posankha) : Ngati pepala lopepuka likufunika, zamkati zimaphatikizidwa.
| Cholinga | |
| Kuphika | Imaphwanya Lignin kuti atulutsire njuchi |
| Kuchapa & kuwunika | Oyeretsa ulusi pochotsa zosayera |
| Kuyaka (Posankha) | Amawunikira pepala la mapulogalamu ena |
3.2. Kuyanika, kuwongolera, ndikudula
Pulogalamu ya Kraft ikakonzedwa, imayimitsa, ndikudula, ndikudula njira kuti apange pepala lomaliza. Mphuno imayamba kuphatikizidwa m'mapepala ndikudutsa odzigudubuza akuluakulu, omwe amachotsa chinyezi chambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pepalalo limakhala ndi chinyezi chomwe mukufuna. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri momwe zimakhudzira mwachindunji pepala ndi magwiridwe ake.
Pambuyo kuyanika, pepala la Kraft limavulaza m'masitolo akuluakulu, omwe amatha kusintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera zofunikira mafakitale. Izi zimadulidwa mumitundu inayake, kaya kuti zitchinga, kukulunga, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale.
Njira Zokopera Mapepala a Kraft :
Kuyanika : Chotsani chinyezi kuti mukwaniritse ndalama zomwe mukufuna.
Kuyitanitsa : amatulutsa pepalalo kukhala mafomu ambiri posamalira mosamalitsa.
Kudula : Kupanga mapepala molingana ndi zofunikira zamakampani.
Njira iyi imatsimikizira kuti pepala la Kraft limakwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale, kuchokera kuntchito yolemera yolimba.
4. Mapulogalamu a Praft Pepala
4.1. Kupanga makampani
Mapepala a Kraft ndikofunikira pakupanga mafikitsi chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zapadera. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamabokosi osungirako, zida zotumizira, ndi madamu oteteza. Pepala ili limapereka kulimba kwambiri, kuonetsetsa katundu kumanyamulidwa bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, pepala la Kraft ndi lothandiza kwambiri kuposa zida zachikhalidwe, kukhala zonse zobwezeretsedwanso ndipo biodegradorged.
Ubwino Wokhudza Masamba Achikhalidwe :
Mphamvu : Anjanso akuphwanya ma puncture.
Ulemu wa Eco : Biodegradle ndi Reccle.
Kugwira Bwino : Nthawi zambiri zotsika mtengo, makamaka mukamabwezeredwanso.
MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA :
Mabokosi osokoneza
Kukulunga
Zigawo mu
| CD | ma | zoteteza |
| Kulimba | M'mwamba | Mitundu yosiyanasiyana |
| Ulemu | Wammwamba kwambiri | Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa |
| Ika mtengo | Mtengo wothandiza | Mitundu yosiyanasiyana |
4.2. Kusindikiza ndi kutsatsa
Mapepala a Kraft ndiwotchuka kusindikiza ndi kutsatsa, kudziwika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makhadi azamalonda, zikwangwani, ndi mapangidwe azomwe amapangira eco-ochezeka. Zojambula zapadera za pepala zimawonjezera chidwi chake, kupanga mtundu kumawonekera.
Ubwino Wokhudza Chizindikiro :
Kukhumudwa kwachilengedwe : Rucisic, zapadziko lapansi.
Kukhazikika : Kusangalatsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ma eco.
Kusiyanitsa : kumathandizira njira zingapo zosindikiza.
4.3. Makampani Ogulitsa Chakudya
M'makampani azakudya, pepala la Krat limakondedwa ndi ukhondo wake komanso kukana chinyezi. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumphika sangweji, mabokosi a pizza, ndi zina zambiri. Pepala ili ndi lopuma, kusunga chakudya chatsopano, komanso champhamvu kuti mukhale ndi mtima wosagawanika.
Ubwino Wofunika :
Ukhondo : Kutetezedwa pakukumana ndi chakudya.
Kutsutsa chinyezi : kumalepheretsa zoopsa ndikusunga chakudya.
Kukhazikika : Biodeggged komanso yopanda mankhwala.
4.4. Zaluso ndi zaluso
Zojambula za Kraft zojambula ndi kulimba zimapangitsa kukhala koyenera kwa aluso ndi zaluso. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphatso yokulungika mphatso, ma projekiti a DIY, ndi zokongoletsera. Pepala limatha kuphatikizidwa mosavuta, kulola kuti mapangidwe a kulenga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zogwira ntchito.
Kupanga Kupanga :
Kukulunga kwa mphatso : kumapereka mawonekedwe achilengedwe, achilengedwe.
Ntchito za Diy : Zinthu zosintha za kukwapulidwa.
Zokongoletsera : zitha kudulidwa, zopindidwa, komanso penti.
4.5. Ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale komanso omanga
Pepala la Kraft ndilofunikanso mu mafakitale komanso zomangamanga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pansi pa pansi, kuthandizidwa, ngakhale kugula kwa sandpaper. Izi zikuwunikira mphamvu zamunthu ndi kusinthasintha mu ntchito zolemera.
Ntchito za Mafakitale :
Pansi pa pansi : Amapereka malo osalala pansi.
Kupititsa patsogolo : kumathandizira mphamvu yamagetsi.
Sandpaper Kuthandizidwa : Ikuwonjezera kulimba kwa ziphaso.
5. Mphamvu za chilengedwe za pepala
5.1. Kukhazikika kwa pepala la Kraft
Pepala la Kraft limawonedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake, makamaka chifukwa cha biodegradiimation ndikubwezeretsanso. Mosiyana ndi zida zambiri zam'madzi zambiri zimaphwanya mwachilengedwe pakanthawi, kuchepetsa mawonekedwe ake. Kusintha kwa biodegragedale ndi mwayi wofunikira pa mapulasi a mapulasi, omwe angatenge zaka mazana ambiri kuti awola. Kuphatikiza apo, pepala la Kraft limabwezedwanso, kutanthauza kuti lingathe kukonzedwanso mu zinthu zatsopano, kukonzanso kufunika kwa mathupi.
Poyerekeza pepala la Kraft ku zida zina, limakhala ngati njira yochezera yosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, ma pulasitiki, mwachitsanzo, amachokera ku petroleum yosasinthika ndipo amathandizira kuipitsa zachilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi izi, pepala la Kraft limapangidwa kuchokera ku zamkati zokonzanso mitengo, ndipo kupanga kumaphatikizapo mankhwala olakwika ochepa. Izi zimapanga pepala lomwe limakonda kusankha mabizinesi ndi ogula omwe akuyang'ana kuti achepetse mphamvu zawo.
Kufanizira kwa Mapazi a Chilengedwe :
| Zinthu zakuthupi | zoyambira | kubwezeretsanso | zachilengedwe |
| Pepala la Krat | M'mwamba | M'mwamba | Otsika (obwezeretsedwa, ochepera mankhwala) |
| Cha pulasitiki | Pansi | Mitundu yosiyanasiyana | Okwera (osasinthika, owononga) |
| Chiwaya | Pansi | M'mwamba | Wokhala ndi mphamvu (mphamvu) |
5.2. Gawo la pepala la Kraft pochepetsa zinyalala
Pepala la Kraft limachita mbali yothetsera chitetezo ndikulimbikitsa njira zothetsera mavuto. Monga momwe dziko lonse lapansi limafunira, pepala la Krat lakhala chisankho chotchuka kwa makampani omwe akufuna kuphatikiza izi. Kubwezeretsanso ndi biodegradibility kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kuchepetsa zinyalala za Holfill, chifukwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi pepala la Kraft zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuwongoleredwa bwino.
Zokonda zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikuyenda bwino zakhala zikukhudza kwambiri mapepala. Opanga akungoyang'ana papepala yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imakwaniritsa zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito malo achilengedwe. Kusunthika kumeneku sikungothandiza kuchepetsa zinyalala komanso kumalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakale zokonzanso, kupititsa patsogolo kudzipatula padziko lonse lapansi.
Zopereka zazikulu zothetsera zinyalala :
Kubwezeretsanso : Pepala la Krat Carcy ikhoza kubwezeretsedwa kangapo, kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa zinthu zatsopano.
Zoyenda : Zimawola mwachilengedwe, mosiyana ndi mapulasitiki, omwe amapitilira chilengedwe.
Kupanga Mopitirira : Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochezeka kwa Eco-ochezeka kumayendetsa mapepala okhazikika a Kraft.
Pepala la Kratrat silongotsala chabe. Ndilo wosewera kwambiri polimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri yokhazikika.
6. Ubwino ndi Zovuta za Praft
6.1. Ubwino Wofunika
Zolemba za Kraft zimapereka zabwino zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chokonda m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Choyambirira komanso chachikulu, mphamvu zake ndi kukhazikika sizingafanane, ndikupanga kukhala koyenera kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pantchito ndi mafakitale. Njira ya Kraft, yomwe imachotsa Lignin ku mitengo yamtengo, imadzetsa pepala lokhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba komanso kukana kung'amba. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti malonda amatetezedwa bwino panthawi yoyendera ndi yosungirako.
Ubwino wina waukulu ndi wothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito . Mapepala a Krat amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazogulitsa zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera m'mabokosi okhala ndi zokutira ndi zida zokutira ku chakudya chazakudya ndi zojambulajambula ndi zaluso. Kusintha kwake kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera mafakitale ndi luso, zomwe zimachulukitsa chidwi chake m'misika osiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikizika kwa chilengedwe cha pepala la Kraft ndi malo ogulitsira. Ndi biodegradgle, yobwezeretsanso, ndikupanga mankhwala ochepa kuposa zinthu zina zambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yosangalatsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi ndi mabizinesi. Maonekedwe achilengedwe, owoneka bwino a maraft amalimbikitsanso apilo yake yogula , kuphatikiza ndi kufunikira kokulirapo kwa malo owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino.
Ubwino Wofunika wa Pepala la Kraft :
Mphamvu ndi Kukhazikika : Kukaniza kwakukulu kung'amba ndi kuvala.
Kusiyanitsa : Kuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku magerus.
Eco-Communiness : Biodegradgele, yobwezeretsanso, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepa.
Chiwopsezo cha Ogula : mawonekedwe achilengedwe ndipo amamvanso bwino ndi makasitomala ozindikira eco.
6.2. Zovuta
Ngakhale ndizabwino zambiri, pepala la Krat lili ndi zovuta zina. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu ndi mtengo wapamwamba wopanga mitundu ina, makamaka yophatikizika ya Kraft. Njira yochepetsera, yomwe imakhazikitsa mtundu wa pepalalo, zimaphatikizaponso njira zina ndi mankhwala, zimachulukitsa ndalama zopangira. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti pepala la Kraft likhale lotsika mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mnzake wosavomerezeka.
Kutalikirananso kwina ndikukumana kobwezeretsedwanso ndi mapepala omata. Ngakhale pepala la Kraft nthawi zambiri limapangidwanso, iwo omwe ali ndi zinthu ngati sera kapena polyethylene amakhala ovuta kubwezeretsanso. Kuphatikizika kumayenera kuchotsedwa pepalalo lisanakonzedwe, komwe kumapangitsa kuti masinthidwe obwezeretsenso komanso kuchepetsa phindu lonse la chilengedwe.
Zovuta :
7. Tsogolo la Praft Pepala
7.1. Zochitika pa Praft Pulogalamu ya Kraft
Tsogolo la pepala la Kraft limamangiriridwa kwambiri ku ntchito yomwe ikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi yothetsera mayankho. Monga ogula ndi mabizinesi amakhala osamala, kufunika kwa zinthu zochezeka ngati pepala la Kraft kukukwera. Izi zikuyendetsa bwino zatsopano m'makampani, okhala ndi opanga kufufuza njira zatsopano zowonjezera makeke a kraft ndikuwonjezera ntchito zake.
Zosintha zopanga zimafunikira kwambiri kukonza mphamvu, kukhazikika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala a Kraft posungabe kukhazikika kwake. Mwachitsanzo, zotsogolera zojambula zamagetsi zimapanga pepala la Kraft zolimbana ndi chinyezi komanso mafuta popanda kunyalanyaza kubwezeretsanso. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa utoto ndi kusinthidwa mapepala kumapereka mitundu yokhala ndi zosankha zambiri zopanga zopanga komanso zosavuta.
Mafakitale Ofunika :
Kuchulukitsa : Kukula kwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke.
Cholinga Chatsopano : Kuchulukitsa kukhazikika, kusinthasintha, ndi ulemu kwa eco.
Ntchito zowonjezeredwa : Kugwiritsa ntchito Bwino mafakitale osiyanasiyana osagwirizana.
7.2. Pepala la Kraft mozungulira
Pepala la Kraft limachita mbali yofunika kwambiri yothandizira chuma chozungulira, pomwe malonda ndi zida zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito, kubwezeretsedwanso, ndikusungidwa mozungulira kwa nthawi yayitali. Kusintha kwake ndikubwezeretsanso kumapangitsa kuti mtundu wabwino ukhale wokhazikika, kuthandiza kuchepetsa zowononga ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zachilengedwe.
Kutha kwa kukula pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndikofunika kuti mafakitale ambiri atenga chuma chozungulira. Udindo wa Kraft Properics kuti uchepetse mapulaneti osakwatiwa ndi kulimbikitsa njira zothetsera mavuto ake. Mokulira ndi zofunika kudziwa zambiri, pepala la Kraft limatsitsidwa kuti muwone kukula kwakukulu, makamaka kumadera komwe kukhazikika kukukhala chowongolera.
Udindo Wozungulira :
Kusinthana ndi kubwezeretsanso : Pakati kuti muchepetse zinyalala.
Kukula kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi : Kuyendetsedwa ndi njira zokhazikika.
Zotheka : Kukula m'misika yakubwera kwamisika yovuta yothetsera ma eco-ochezeka.
Tsogolo la matraft ndi lowala, ndi zochitika zomwe zikupitilira ndikudziwitsa za mapindu ake azachilengedwe kutengera njira yopitirizira kukomeza ndi kukula.
Mapeto
Mapepala a Kraft atsimikizira kukhala zofunikira m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku malo osindikizira ndikusindikiza pomanga ndi zaluso. Mphamvu zake zosatheka ndi kulimba kwake zimapangitsa kukhala koyenera pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, pomwe kusintha kwake kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chofunika kwambiri, chizolowezi chochezeka chimakhala chosiyana ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa machitidwe okhazikika.
Masiku ano, pomwe kukhazikika ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa kale, pepala la Krat limakhala ngati zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ogula onse ndi mabizinesi. Zakudya zake, kubwezeretsanso, komanso kochepa zachilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti omwe asankhidwa kuti achepetse zinthu. Monga momwe zimafunira kuti zitheke zikupitilirabe, pepala la Kraft limakhalapo wosewera bwino polimbikitsa chuma chozungulira ndikuchepetsa kutaya zinyalala.
